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The Nature of Aging

Responding to Older Adults with Substance Use, Mental Health and Gambling Challenges

On this page:

Who are older adults?

Some say an older adult is anyone over 55 years old; others say it is anyone over 60 or 65. No matter where the starting line is drawn, the age of older adults spans up to 70, 80, 90, even 100 years or more. Older adults can be many years apart in age, with very different backgrounds and experiences. No two lives are the same, and no two older adults are the same.

However, people experience some common changes and challenges as they grow older.

What is natural aging?

As people age, there are natural changes to the body and mind. For example:

  • Hair becomes grey, skin wrinkles, hearing and eyesight weaken; physical strength lessens, movement and reaction time become slower.
  • Learning new skills and recalling information may take longer (however, vocabulary continues to grow and personality stays the same). In addition, stressful life events (e.g., retirement, leaving the family home, the death of friends and family) tend to increase, while the social support of friends, family and colleagues tends to decrease.

Age-related health problems

Certain health problems are more common among older adults. The older people who need your help are more likely to be frail or to have other health problems. These include:

  • dementias, such as Alzheimer disease
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • problems with eyesight
  • hearing loss
  • food intolerance and digestive problems
  • injuries due to falls
  • high blood pressure
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • Parkinson's disease.

Physical health, emotions and behaviour

Physical health problems can also affect a person's emotions and behaviour. For example:

  • Pain can affect mood.
  • Hearing loss can result in misunderstanding.
  • Parkinson's disease, dementia and stroke can make it difficult for people to speak, which may make them frustrated.
  • Parkinson's disease, dementia and stroke can also cause changes in personality and behaviour.

What is the problem?

It's often difficult to know why an older person behaves in ways that seem odd or challenging. It's especially difficult if you don't know the person well and only see him or her for short periods of time. Even if you do know the person well, there can be more than one explanation for the behaviour. Often only a doctor can determine the cause. For example, illness, a substance use problem, a mental health problem or a combination of these factors may cause:

  • depression, irritability or delusions
  • confusion, disorientation or recent memory loss
  • slurring of words
  • stumbling and falls
  • sleep problems
  • change in appetite
  • spending more time alone.

What is causing the problem?

It's important to understand that the cause of these behaviours may not be part of the natural aging process. For example, the cause could be:

  • alcohol issues
  • anxiety
  • dementia
  • depression
  • gambling problems
  • medication issues.

Each of these areas will be explored in this booklet. But first, try the quiz in the Aging Myths and Facts section to check your knowledge of aging.

In Responding to Older Adults :

1 The Nature of Aging

2 Substance Use, Mental Health and Gambling Challenges in Older Adults

3 Communication Tools and Techniques

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Responding To Older Adults

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